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The largest known North American crayfish is a Tennessee bottlebrush crayfish held in the Astacology Collection at West Liberty University in West Virginia. Collected in 2011 by Zac Loughman and West Liberty students, it measures 86.6 millimeters (about 3.4 inches) in body length, not counting its tail, claws, or antennae. The record comes from a … Read more
The gallium anomaly is a long-standing neutrino physics puzzle: experiments that fired electron neutrinos from radioactive sources into gallium detectors recorded about 20% fewer captures than theory predicted. In the capture reaction, an electron neutrino turns a gallium-71 nucleus into germanium-71 and releases an electron. The shortfall, first glimpsed in the 1990s, clearly stated in … Read more
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are both forms of passive transport: substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the cell spending ATP. In simple diffusion, small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide slip through the plasma membrane’s lipid core on their own. In facilitated diffusion, … Read more
Not necessarily. A Science study reported on October 15, 2026, by researchers at MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution analyzed more than 15,000 Antarctic ice cliffs measured by NASA’s ICESat-2 satellite from 2019 to 2023. Marine ice-cliff instability (MICI) holds that cliffs taller than about 100 meters should collapse under their own weight and … Read more
Dry ice is about −109.3 °F (−78.5 °C) at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is solid carbon dioxide that sublimates directly into gas, and it can cause cold burns on bare skin.
Planets are spheres because their gravity pulls equally from the center in all directions; fast-spinning planets like Saturn and Jupiter bulge slightly at the equator.
A 75,000-year-old Neanderthal from Shanidar Cave shows a circular scapula wound that Cambridge researchers link to a wooden spear.
A semipermeable membrane lets some substances pass while blocking others, based mainly on size, charge, and fat solubility; cell membranes are the classic example, and the property is what makes osmosis possible.
Astronomers using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory traced the “Treble Clef” — a radio structure that looks like the musical symbol — to a two-stage process in a merging galaxy cluster about 1.55 billion light-years away. First, an outburst from a supermassive black hole drove clouds of charged particles and magnetic fields outward, producing bright radio … Read more
Sea cows are sirenians—manatees and dugongs—the plant-eating marine mammals often nicknamed for their grazing habits.